Participants glitch (Generation I)
The participants glitch occurs in Pokémon Red, Blue, and Yellow, and usually requires the expanded party.
If the player sends out a new Pokémon beyond slot 6 into battle, the glitch allows for a number of exploits, such as but not limited to, forcing a particular battle mode, and starting new battles (when combined with a glitch item like 9F (Red/Blue) or -g m (Yellow)).
Explanation
The address which marks the Pokémon which took part in battle is D058 (-1 in Yellow). Sending out a Pokémon registers its bit in D058; for instance sending out Pokémon 1 adds (2^0) to the address, Pokémon 2 adds (2^1) and so on. When attempting to send out Pokémon 7 and beyond, the game extrapolates from (works from) this base address.
This causes an issue when memory addresses are already being used for different things, hence for instance Pokémon 9 will add 2^0 to D059 (-1) (D059 stores the Pokémon to fight in an instant encounter). When the glitch item such as 9F restarts the battle, the game will half 'think' the player is on the overworld, so force the player to encounter the Pokémon based on the value of D059.
Similar corruptions
Under the expanded party, when a Pokémon beyond slot 6 is interpreted as (or is already interpreted as) participated in battle, the game will cause more memory corruption as the Pokémon attempts to level up and have its stats recalculated. If the Pokémon loses any HP, this will affect memory as well.
In Generation III, there is another similar exploit documented by Metarkrai; where News Reporter corruption is used to manipulate the Pokémon slot to send out in battle and cause event flag corruption (see Pomeg data corruption glitch#Faraway Island and Birth Island).
YouTube video
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