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{{Collective Page}}
{{Bulbapedia2|Pseudorandom number generation in Pokémon}}
'''Luck manipulation''' or '''RNG abuse''' ('''pseudorandom number generator abuse''' in full), or '''RNG manipulation''' refers to making a future event that is supposed to be random predictable, such as whether a wild Pokémon is [[bp:Shiny Pokémon|shiny]] or has good [[bp:Individual values|IVs]], whether a thrown ball successfully catches the Pokémon, misses and critical hits in battle, etc. Sometimes a desired "random" outcome could be achieved through trial and error simply by frame-by-frame advance and save states, but advanced manipulation techniques can save time in getting otherwise unlikely outcomes.
== Principle ==
The word "random" is essentially synonymous with "unpredictable". It is believed that [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_random_number_generator some physical processes] are "truly random", i.e. absolutely unpredictable ahead of time, due to underlying quantum effects. However, specially designed hardware is usually needed to utilize those truly random physical processes. Other "random" processes, like rolling a dice or tossing a coin, have their results almost completely determined by the initial conditions, like the height, velocity, and spinning speed of the throw. However, since it is almost impossible for a normal human to control or otherwise determine those parameters to the precision needed to predict the results, those processes can also be considered random.
The "randomness" in computers and video games is usually of the latter kind — deterministic given initial conditions, but difficult to predict nonetheless. In this case, the "initial conditions" mostly come from user inputs, including their precise timings. It is theoretically possible for cycle-level (on the order of 10<sup>-6</sup> second) timings to affect the state of the hardware (possibly in subtle ways, like forcing the V-Blank interrupt to wait for an instruction to complete). Frame-level (~1/60 s) timings tend to affect it in more significant ways, although depending on the specific implementation of the RNG and the game in general, inputs at some frames may not be factored into the RNG.
The internal state of an RNG is sometimes known as the "seed". Since many random numbers might be needed at a time when there are few or no external inputs, the unpredictability of random numbers depend on the unpredictability of the seed. Even if unpredictable at the beginning, a seed of finite length cannot generate an infinite sequence of truly random numbers, as each random number carries a certain amount of information about the seed, eventually making the seed, and thus further random numbers, predictable. The best RNG designers could do is to make the outputs "pseudorandom", i.e. making it a difficult computational task to predict later outputs from previous ones. However, real world RNGs, especially ones from old console games, are often not very carefully designed, making it feasible to analyze the outputs and retrieve the seed.
By controlling the timings of the input, the player can to some extent control the seed. By observing random outcomes, the player can to some extent deduce the seed. Either or both of those techniques may allow for luck manipulation in video games.
== In speedruns ==
=== TAS ===
In tool assisted speedruns (TASes), human precision is not an issue, so the player can get the desired outcomes for all the random events, as long as they are possible at all (although sometimes frames might need to be sacrificed). Therefore from the watcher's perspective, the player would seem to be absurdly lucky. In Pokémon TASes, this might mean getting all the critical hits that would save a turn while the opponent repeatedly misses moves, or walking through caves with no Repels and no encounters, etc. <!-- maybe mention button input delay? -->
The fact that all "randomness" becomes controlled is also why TASes can be encoded as input files ("movie files") instead of videos, and played back on an emulator/console (through the use of a machine). However, as mentioned above, the RNG is affected by some very subtle factors, including hardware timing details. Therefore de-synchronization may occur if the movie file is played on a different emulator/console than the one used to make it, simply because one (or both) of the emulators/consoles didn't mimic the original hardware down to the finest detail.
=== RTA ===
In contrast to the case for TAS, the main focus of RTA manipulations is human precision. A common technique used in many RTA manipulations is to first save and reset. Since many games do not save any RNG-related information into the save file, after a hard reset, the state of the RNG is fully predictable. This relieves the player of the need to do every RNG-affecting input frame perfectly from the very beginning of the game.
Other techniques help the player reliably do a few frame-perfect inputs after the reset. A common one is "buffering" an input, which means pressing a button before the game is ready to accept it, essentially extending the frame window in which the input can be done. Another is the use of timers which provide audio or video cues, making it easier to hit even single-frame windows. Some manipulations are specifically designed so that multiple adjacent frames give the same desirable outcome. Others let the player look for cues like overworld NPC movements, and then do different manipulations to "recover" from an input that was a little early or a little late.
Since RTA manipulations are both time-consuming (mainly due to the hard reset) and potentially difficult, they are only used for rare random outcomes that can save a lot of time over the course of the run, or that the route is based on in the first place. In glitchless runs, commonly manipulated events include:
* Getting a main Pokémon with good IVs (might be either the starter or a wild encounter).
* Encountering the correct species of wild Pokémon (either main or HM users), and catching it with the first ball.
* Not getting unwanted encounters before Repels can be bought.
For glitched runs, RNG manipulations are used more intensively. In addition to the above purposes, they are used to manipulate exact byte values that are needed for specific exploits that reference values not relavant in glitchless runs (like the player's Trainer ID and Lucky ID).
== Outside of speedruns ==
Luck manipulation techniques can be used to get shiny Pokémon and Pokémon with perfect IVs, a necessity for competitive players both in casual Wi-Fi battles and in sanctioned tournaments. The techniques for that will be detailed in the sub-pages.
== In each generation ==
With each new generation of Pokémon (excluding the first two), the mechanics and means of application of the RNG have changed drastically. With the exception of the four entries in Generation VI, the RNG can be predicted and controlled without external tools or modifications.
*[[Luck manipulation (Generation I)]]
*[[Luck manipulation (Generation II)]]
*[[Luck manipulation (Generation III)]]
*[[Luck manipulation (Generation IV)]]
*[[Luck manipulation (Generation V)]]
*[[Luck manipulation (Generation VI)]]
*[[Luck manipulation (Generation VII)]]
*[[Luck manipulation (Colosseum/XD)]]
=== Individual points of interest ===
*[[Battle Video exploit]]
*[[Cute Charm exploit]]
*[[RNG correlation (Generation I)]]
*[[RNG oddities (Generation III)]]
==External Links==
*[http://wiki.pokemonspeedruns.com/index.php/Pok%C3%A9mon_Red/Blue/Yellow_DSum_Manipulation Pokémon Red/Blue/Yellow DSum manipulation], an older generation I technique to manipulate encounter slots based on deducing the RNG state instead of controlling it
*[http://www.smogon.com/ingame/rng/emerald_rng_intro Smogon's guide to Pokémon Emerald RNG abuse]. <!-- Most of this is fine, albeit uninformative, but the Method 1 and wild encounter subpages are outdated and shouldn't be referenced. The other two are very good all around. -->
*[http://www.smogon.com/ingame/rng/dpphgss_rng_intro Smogon's guide to Generation IV RNG abuse].
*[http://www.smogon.com/ingame/rng/bw_rng_intro Smogon's guide to Pokémon Black and White RNG abuse].
[[Category:Terminology]]
[[Category:Reference documents]]
▲[[Category:Exploits]]
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